Infertility is defined as a couple's inability to achieve pregnancy following one year of unprotected intercourse. It has been estimated that 15-20% of couples attempting to achieve pregnancy are unable to do so.
Normally, the male reproductive system makes, stores, and transports semen from the testicles. During ejaculation, the sperm travels through the reproductive tubing and mixes with fluid from the prostate and seminal vesicle (which is then called sperm), and then leaves the penis.
Most commonly, male infertility is caused by issues with the sperm. The sperm may:
- not be fully grown
- be oddly shaped
- not move the right way
- have a low concentration (oligospermia)
- be obstructed in the reproductive tubing (azoospermia)
Varicoceles, or swollen veins in the scrotum, are found in 40% of infertile men. A varicocele blocks proper drainage of blood, which can harm sperm growth.
Diagnosis
A semen analysis is a routine lab test that can help determine the cause of infertility. The physician will collect your sperm in a sterile cup for further analysis. The semen sample will be studied for sperm volume, count, concentration, movement, and structure. Your physician may also perform a vasography, or x-ray of the vas deferens, to identify any potential blockages or obstructions. In some cases, a testicular biopsy may be performed if other tests are inconclusive.
Male Factor Infertility Treatments
- Medication: Oral medication may be prescribed to increase sperm count or correct hormonal imbalances
- Sperm Retrieval: A procedure performed when a blockage prevents sperm from being present in semen
- Varicocelectomy: A procedure used to treat varicocele, or enlarged veins in the scrotum
- Penile Vibratory Stimulation / Electroejaculation: A safe and effective method of collecting sperm from those who are unable to ejaculate naturally, such as patients with spinal cord injuries